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Authors: ALBANA CERKREZI, REINA ZELENAJ SHEHI, FESTINA KABASHI.
DOI: 10.2478/subbs-2022-0008
Article history: Received November 2022; Revised January 2023;
Accepted February 2023; Available online April 2023; Available print April 2023.
pp. 39-62
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Twenty years ago, NATO’s intervention against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), taking place without the approval of the UN Security Council (UNSC), challenged the sovereignty and non-interference norms the UN had perceived as international peace and order, until that moment. While the military action served to question existing principles, it simultaneously examined the effectiveness of non-authorization. Moreover, the Kosovo case stimulated one of the most important UN reforms that transformed the concept of sovereignty from right to responsibility. Conceptually, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) has largely advanced since then. The transformation shifted the attention from political to sociological peace making society, gender and victims of conflict at the focus of peacebuilding and peace sustaining processes. The juxtaposition of state and societal peace continues in post-conflict Kosovo with both approaches being intermingled: the security debate covers attempts for a peace-building agenda, whereas the formation of a national army is pursued.
Keywords: Kosovo, UN, Responsibility to Protect, sovereignty, women, human rights
